Themis

Principles of Environmental Democracy in the Advisory Opinion of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights on Climate Emergency and Human Rights

Martin Cabrera Mirassou — 2025-11-25

This commentary describes the advisory opinion on climate emergency and human rights issued by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. The court opinion constitutes a significant answer to one of the subjects that most impacts nature and people. The opinion addresses fundamental issues of climate change and its risks in the fulfillment of human rights, and establishes rigorous obligations for states. Focus is placed on the development of the principles of environmental democracy in relation to climate change. Taking into consideration the relation and complementarity between the provisions of the American Convention on Human Rights, the San Salvador Protocol, and the Escazú Agreement, the commentary focuses on the role of the rights of access to environmental information, public participation in the environmental decision-making process, and access to justice and its application in the context of the climate emergency.

To develop legal reasoning from the dissent

Mariano Abeyá — 2025-11-25

This jurisprudential analysis focuses on a recent ruling by the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, dated October 30, 2024, in the case titled “Moliné O’Connor, Eduardo José A. c/Estado Nacional – Ministerio de Desarrollo Social – resol. 3085/04 219/05 (dto. 1319/05) s/proceso de conocimiento.” The ruling raises a substantive issue of serious institutional significance, which is both complex and troubling, as it affects the separation of powers and the republican system of government. This paper examines the majority opinion and the interpretative methods applied in what appears, at first glance, to be a straightforward case but which—through the reasoning set out in the dissenting opinion—emerges as a complicated case with implications for the separation of powers, judicial independence, and the republican form of government.

Argentina and its pending subject: cybersecurity

Gonzalo Emanuel Molinati — 2025-11-25

This paper analyzes how the rapid advancement of technology has generated new forms of criminality that go beyond the scope of the Argentine Criminal Code, revealing critical regulatory gaps. Through concrete cases and up-to-date statistics, it exposes the insufficiency of the current legal framework, the lack of preparedness, and the weakness of public policies. It also addresses the complex debate surrounding anonymity in digital networks, defending its relevance as an essential democratic guarantee for the protection of freedom of expression, especially in contexts of vulnerability and political dissent. It warns that simplistic attempts to eliminate anonymity may have negative consequences for fundamental rights.

The paper argues that criminal law must be reformed to meet the challenges of digital crime through dynamic legislation, strengthened institutions, international cooperation, and sustained public policies. However, the approach is taken from the field of criminal law and criminal policy, without aiming to cover the technical aspects specific to computer science or cybersecurity.

The sources used—normative, jurisprudential, doctrinal, and journalistic—come from public documents, reputable media outlets, academic publications, and official records.

Relevance of field research in academic training, strengthening students’ research skills

Magdalena Muela — 2025-11-25

This study investigates the critical role of academic fieldwork in student research preparation. Through comprehensive analysis, we examine how field-based learning experiences enable knowledge application, methodological competency development, ethical reasoning, and effective scientific communication. Our findings highlight the essential contribution of fieldwork to professional and research capacity building in academic contexts.

La The Falklands War : A study of its causes from Kenneth Waltz's three images of International Relations

José Maria Loriente Aznar — 2025-11-25

This article aims to analyze the causes of the Falklands War from the perspective of the three images of international relations enunciated by Kenneth Waltz in his 1959 work, Man, State, and War: A Theoretical Analysis. According to his theory, these causes are to be found in human nature, the internal structure of the states involved, and the international system.

The consequences of the 2007 cyber-attacks in Estonia for the cyber defense of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization during the period 2007 to 2017

María Virginia Rueda — 2025-11-25

This article analyzes how the cyberattacks that occurred in the Republic of Estonia in 2007 motivated NATO to create a cyber defense policy that could protect and defend both the Alliance and its member states.

The importance NATO placed on the creation, development, and implementation of a cyber defense policy was evident when the events unfolded, as it became clear that NATO did not have a policy in place to respond to these events. Although various summits had simply mentioned the danger of cyberattacks, there was no policy in practice.

Therefore, from then on, each of the decisions taken was specified in the texts issued by the Alliance Summits, as well as in other important documents also created during the period analyzed, that is, from 2007 to 2017.