El Entorno internaconal de la agricultura
Determinantes de los precios agrícolas (1961-2023)
Resumen
A partir de la evolución de variables relevantes de la economía internacional, durante 1961‑2023, se identificaron aquellas que explican, en el largo plazo, el comportamiento de los índices de precios de los mercados agricultura, granos y oleaginosos. Mediante el test de Johansen se estableció el equilibrio de las variables en el largo plazo en los modelos, y se utilizaron modelos de corrección de errores vectoriales (VECM) para formular la ecuación de corto plazo. Se efectúo un análisis de robustez y estabilidad, verificándose la ausencia de cambios estructurales significativos. Del análisis de las variables, se destaca la influencia de las políticas proteccionistas y de subsidios sobre los precios de la agricultura, que tienen un comportamiento levemente negativo durante el período analizado. Se observó que las variables más importantes que explican el comportamiento de los precios agrícolas son la tasa de interés real y el tipo de cambio real de Estados Unidos, con elasticidad negativa respecto de los precios agrícolas; la relación comercio de mercancías mundial/PIB, con elasticidad positiva; y el comportamiento del precio de los commodities energéticos con elasticidad negativa. Se corroboraron los resultados a partir de un modelo que contempla los precios free on board (FOB) de trigo argentino.
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